The Equality of Sub-Surface Minerals

Sub-surface minerals are in most cases considered to be the proprietary right of a country should those minerals be found within its borders. PRO169 (Indigenous Peoples’ Rights, International Labour Organization) has recorded instances where the private land of indigenous peoples has been pilfered by a government – often through the sale of a contract to a private company, and without the consent of the people living on that land. Other times, indigenous peoples, the government they find themselves living in, and the company that bought mining rights engage in consultation. But these practices are far from transparent, equitable, or fair as indigenous peoples are often unskilled in contractual law and do not have the same legal resources as the company or government does. This paper argues that the sub-surface minerals found within the territory of indigenous tribes should be legally allocated as theirs

Intrinsic character of Stokes matrices

Two germs of linear analytic differential systems $x^{k+1}Y^\prime=A(x)Y$ with a non resonant irregular singularity are analytically equivalent if and only if they have the same eigenvalues and equivalent collections of Stokes matrices. The Stokes matrices are the transition matrices between sectors on which the system is analytically equivalent to its formal normal form. Each sector contains exactly one separating ray for each pair of eigenvalues. A rotation in $S$ allows supposing that $\mathbb R^+$ lies in the intersection of two sectors. Reordering of the coordinates of $Y$ allows ordering the real parts of the eigenvalues, thus yielding triangular Stokes matrices. However, the choice of the rotation in $x$ is not canonical. In this paper we establish how the collection of Stokes matrices depends on this rotation, and hence on a chosen order of the projection of the eigenvalues on a line through the origin.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figure

Dark goo: Bulk viscosity as an alternative to dark energy

We present a simple (microscopic) model in which bulk viscosity plays a role in explaining the present acceleration of the universe. The effect of bulk viscosity on the Friedmann equations is to turn the pressure into an "effective" pressure containing the bulk viscosity. For a sufficiently large bulk viscosity, the effective pressure becomes negative and could mimic a dark energy equation of state. Our microscopic model includes self-interacting spin-zero particles (for which the bulk viscosity is known) that are added to the usual energy content of the universe. We study both background equations and linear perturbations in this model. We show that a dark energy behavior is obtained for reasonable values of the two parameters of the model (i.e. the mass and coupling of the spin-zero particles) and that linear perturbations are well-behaved. There is no apparent fine tuning involved. We also discuss the conditions under which hydrodynamics holds, in particular that the spin-zero particles must be in local equilibrium today for viscous effects to be important.Comment: 21 pages, 14 figures. References added, typos corrected, figure 2 corrected, a few comments added, results unchange

Les migrations populaires des travailleurs autochtones du Nord de la Saskatchewan : symbole et réalité de l’intégration des indigènes.

Les migrations pendulaires constituent un moyen de plus en plus répandu d'intégration de la main-d'oeuvre autochtone aux projets miniers et pétroliers du Nord du Canada. Cet article cherche à comprendre les causes de ce phénomène. L'analyse procède d'une étude du scénario d'implantation d'un tel mode de gestion et, notamment, des intérêts impliqués et des circonstances qui ont favorisé sa mise en place. L'étude se démarque des perspectives dualistes de la géographie humaine du Nord canadien. Elle propose une interprétation qui tient compte de l'interaction entre le capital, l'État et les indigènes dans les cadres d'une société capitaliste occidentale en expansion dans ses zones frontalières.Long distance commuting has been an increasingly widespread vehicle for the integration of native labor to mines and oil ventures in northem Canada. This article attempts an explanation of how this process came about. The analysis proceeds with a study of the scenario of implementation, the analysis of the various interests involved, their motivations and circumstances. It results in an N.D.L.R.: Le titre de cet article était à l'origine: « Le navettage des travailleurs autochtones du Nord de la Saskatchewan : symbole et réalité de l'intégration des indigènes ». Le « néologisme » navettage, utilisé par l'auteur en guise de traduction du mot anglais commuting, n'apparaissait dans aucune des sources consultées. Le terme « migrations pendulaires » lui fut substitué car il représente la traduction française la plus courante du terme commuting. interpretation which contrasts with dualistic interprétations of the human geography of the Canadian north, as it emphasizes the interaction of private interests, the State, and indigenous peoples on the frontier of an expanding western capitalist society